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2018-0914

Benchmark day 4: Toshiba 3.5″ DT01ACA 1TB (DT01ACA100)

1 Comment[Author: Category: Sin categoría ]

Esta es la cuarta entrega de la serie de pruebas a discos rígidos y SSDs, motivada por una reciente actualización de la estación de trabajo. Siguen las especificaciones y más abajo los resultados por si a alguno le interesa.

Toshiba 3.5″ DT01ACA
Modelo: TOSHIBA DT01ACA100
Capacidad: 1 TB
Interfaz: SATA III
Caché: 31 MiB (aprox 24 MB)
Velocidad: 7200 RPM
Tamaño de sector: 4K físico, 512 lógico

# hdparm -I /dev/sda:

ATA device, with non-removable media
	Model Number:       TOSHIBA DT01ACA100
	Serial Number:      [REDACTED]
	Firmware Revision:  MS2OA750
	Transport:          Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6, SATA Rev 3.0; Revision: ATA8-AST T13 Project D1697 Revision 0b
Standards:
	Used: unknown (minor revision code 0x0029) 
	Supported: 8 7 6 5 
	Likely used: 8
Configuration:
	Logical		max	current
	cylinders	16383	16383
	heads		16	16
	sectors/track	63	63
	--
	CHS current addressable sectors:    16514064
	LBA    user addressable sectors:   268435455
	LBA48  user addressable sectors:  1953525168
	Logical  Sector size:                   512 bytes
	Physical Sector size:                  4096 bytes
	Logical Sector-0 offset:                  0 bytes
	device size with M = 1024*1024:      953869 MBytes
	device size with M = 1000*1000:     1000204 MBytes (1000 GB)
	cache/buffer size  = 23652 KBytes (type=DualPortCache)
	Form Factor: 3.5 inch
	Nominal Media Rotation Rate: 7200
Capabilities:
	LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
	Queue depth: 32
	Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
	R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16	Current = 16
	Advanced power management level: disabled
	DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 
	     Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
	PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 
	     Cycle time: no flow control=120ns  IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
	Enabled	Supported:
	   *	SMART feature set
	    	Security Mode feature set
	   *	Power Management feature set
	   *	Write cache
	   *	Look-ahead
	   *	Host Protected Area feature set
	   *	WRITE_BUFFER command
	   *	READ_BUFFER command
	   *	NOP cmd
	   *	DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
	    	Advanced Power Management feature set
	    	Power-Up In Standby feature set
	   *	SET_FEATURES required to spinup after power up
	    	SET_MAX security extension
	   *	48-bit Address feature set
	   *	Device Configuration Overlay feature set
	   *	Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
	   *	FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
	   *	SMART error logging
	   *	SMART self-test
	    	Media Card Pass-Through
	   *	General Purpose Logging feature set
	   *	WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
	   *	64-bit World wide name
	   *	URG for READ_STREAM[_DMA]_EXT
	   *	URG for WRITE_STREAM[_DMA]_EXT
	   *	WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
	   *	{READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
	   *	Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
	    	unknown 119[7]
	   *	Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
	   *	Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
	   *	Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
	   *	Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
	   *	Host-initiated interface power management
	   *	Phy event counters
	   *	NCQ priority information
	    	Non-Zero buffer offsets in DMA Setup FIS
	   *	DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization
	    	Device-initiated interface power management
	    	In-order data delivery
	   *	Software settings preservation
	   *	SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set
	   *	SCT Write Same (AC2)
	   *	SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3)
	   *	SCT Features Control (AC4)
	   *	SCT Data Tables (AC5)
Security: 
	Master password revision code = 65534
		supported
	not	enabled
	not	locked
		frozen
	not	expired: security count
	not	supported: enhanced erase
	156min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT.
Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: [REDACTED]
	NAA		: 5
	IEEE OUI	: 000039
	Unique ID	: [REDACTED]
Checksum: correct

# smartctl -x /dev/sda

smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r4324 [x86_64-linux-4.17.0-0.bpo.1-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Toshiba 3.5" DT01ACA... Desktop HDD
Device Model:     TOSHIBA DT01ACA100
Serial Number:    [REDACTED]
LU WWN Device Id: [REDACTED]
Firmware Version: MS2OA750
User Capacity:    1.000.204.886.016 bytes [1,00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm
Form Factor:      3.5 inches
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Wed Aug  8 11:48:00 2018 -03
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
AAM feature is:   Unavailable
APM feature is:   Disabled
Rd look-ahead is: Enabled
Write cache is:   Enabled
ATA Security is:  Disabled, frozen [SEC2]
Wt Cache Reorder: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x84)	Offline data collection activity
					was suspended by an interrupting command from host.
					Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0)	The previous self-test routine completed
					without error or no self-test has ever 
					been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection: 		( 7167) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: 			 (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
					Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
					Suspend Offline collection upon new
					command.
					Offline surface scan supported.
					Self-test supported.
					No Conveyance Self-test supported.
					Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003)	Saves SMART data before entering
					power-saving mode.
					Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01)	Error logging supported.
					General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time: 	 (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: 	 ( 120) minutes.
SCT capabilities: 	       (0x003d)	SCT Status supported.
					SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
					SCT Feature Control supported.
					SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAGS    VALUE WORST THRESH FAIL RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     PO-R--   100   100   016    -    0
  2 Throughput_Performance  P-S---   142   142   054    -    71
  3 Spin_Up_Time            POS---   116   116   024    -    191 (Average 203)
  4 Start_Stop_Count        -O--C-   100   100   000    -    13
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   PO--CK   100   100   005    -    0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         PO-R--   100   100   067    -    0
  8 Seek_Time_Performance   P-S---   115   115   020    -    34
  9 Power_On_Hours          -O--C-   100   100   000    -    145
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        PO--C-   100   100   060    -    0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       -O--CK   100   100   000    -    13
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count -O--CK   100   100   000    -    13
193 Load_Cycle_Count        -O--C-   100   100   000    -    13
194 Temperature_Celsius     -O----   206   206   000    -    29 (Min/Max 19/33)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count -O--CK   100   100   000    -    0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  -O---K   100   100   000    -    0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   ---R--   100   100   000    -    0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    -O-R--   200   200   000    -    0
                            ||||||_ K auto-keep
                            |||||__ C event count
                            ||||___ R error rate
                            |||____ S speed/performance
                            ||_____ O updated online
                            |______ P prefailure warning

General Purpose Log Directory Version 1
SMART           Log Directory Version 1 [multi-sector log support]
Address    Access  R/W   Size  Description
0x00       GPL,SL  R/O      1  Log Directory
0x01           SL  R/O      1  Summary SMART error log
0x03       GPL     R/O      1  Ext. Comprehensive SMART error log
0x04       GPL     R/O      7  Device Statistics log
0x06           SL  R/O      1  SMART self-test log
0x07       GPL     R/O      1  Extended self-test log
0x08       GPL     R/O      2  Power Conditions log
0x09           SL  R/W      1  Selective self-test log
0x10       GPL     R/O      1  SATA NCQ Queued Error log
0x11       GPL     R/O      1  SATA Phy Event Counters log
0x20       GPL     R/O      1  Streaming performance log [OBS-8]
0x21       GPL     R/O      1  Write stream error log
0x22       GPL     R/O      1  Read stream error log
0x80-0x9f  GPL,SL  R/W     16  Host vendor specific log
0xe0       GPL,SL  R/W      1  SCT Command/Status
0xe1       GPL,SL  R/W      1  SCT Data Transfer

SMART Extended Comprehensive Error Log Version: 1 (1 sectors)
No Errors Logged

SMART Extended Self-test Log Version: 1 (1 sectors)
No self-tests have been logged.  [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

SCT Status Version:                  3
SCT Version (vendor specific):       256 (0x0100)
SCT Support Level:                   1
Device State:                        SMART Off-line Data Collection executing in background (4)
Current Temperature:                    29 Celsius
Power Cycle Min/Max Temperature:     29/31 Celsius
Lifetime    Min/Max Temperature:     19/33 Celsius
Under/Over Temperature Limit Count:   0/0

SCT Temperature History Version:     2
Temperature Sampling Period:         1 minute
Temperature Logging Interval:        1 minute
Min/Max recommended Temperature:      0/60 Celsius
Min/Max Temperature Limit:           -40/70 Celsius
Temperature History Size (Index):    128 (61)

Index    Estimated Time   Temperature Celsius
  62    2018-08-08 09:41    30  ***********
 ...    ..( 19 skipped).    ..  ***********
  82    2018-08-08 10:01    30  ***********
  83    2018-08-08 10:02     ?  -
 ...    ..(  4 skipped).    ..  -
  88    2018-08-08 10:07     ?  -
  89    2018-08-08 10:08    31  ************
 ...    ..( 11 skipped).    ..  ************
 101    2018-08-08 10:20    31  ************
 102    2018-08-08 10:21    30  ***********
 ...    ..(  6 skipped).    ..  ***********
 109    2018-08-08 10:28    30  ***********
 110    2018-08-08 10:29    29  **********
 ...    ..(  7 skipped).    ..  **********
 118    2018-08-08 10:37    29  **********
 119    2018-08-08 10:38    30  ***********
 ...    ..(  2 skipped).    ..  ***********
 122    2018-08-08 10:41    30  ***********
 123    2018-08-08 10:42    31  ************
 ...    ..( 11 skipped).    ..  ************
   7    2018-08-08 10:54    31  ************
   8    2018-08-08 10:55    30  ***********
 ...    ..(  5 skipped).    ..  ***********
  14    2018-08-08 11:01    30  ***********
  15    2018-08-08 11:02    29  **********
 ...    ..(  5 skipped).    ..  **********
  21    2018-08-08 11:08    29  **********
  22    2018-08-08 11:09    30  ***********
  23    2018-08-08 11:10    30  ***********
  24    2018-08-08 11:11    30  ***********
  25    2018-08-08 11:12    29  **********
  26    2018-08-08 11:13    29  **********
  27    2018-08-08 11:14    30  ***********
  28    2018-08-08 11:15    29  **********
 ...    ..( 11 skipped).    ..  **********
  40    2018-08-08 11:27    29  **********
  41    2018-08-08 11:28    30  ***********
 ...    ..(  2 skipped).    ..  ***********
  44    2018-08-08 11:31    30  ***********
  45    2018-08-08 11:32    29  **********
 ...    ..( 15 skipped).    ..  **********
  61    2018-08-08 11:48    29  **********

SCT Error Recovery Control:
           Read: Disabled
          Write: Disabled

Device Statistics (GP Log 0x04)
Page  Offset Size        Value Flags Description
0x01  =====  =               =  ===  == General Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x01  0x008  4              13  ---  Lifetime Power-On Resets
0x01  0x010  4             145  ---  Power-on Hours
0x01  0x018  6      1200047924  ---  Logical Sectors Written
0x01  0x020  6         2860535  ---  Number of Write Commands
0x01  0x028  6      1608553599  ---  Logical Sectors Read
0x01  0x030  6         2008039  ---  Number of Read Commands
0x03  =====  =               =  ===  == Rotating Media Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x03  0x008  4             145  ---  Spindle Motor Power-on Hours
0x03  0x010  4             145  ---  Head Flying Hours
0x03  0x018  4              13  ---  Head Load Events
0x03  0x020  4               0  ---  Number of Reallocated Logical Sectors
0x03  0x028  4               2  ---  Read Recovery Attempts
0x03  0x030  4               9  ---  Number of Mechanical Start Failures
0x04  =====  =               =  ===  == General Errors Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x04  0x008  4               0  ---  Number of Reported Uncorrectable Errors
0x04  0x010  4               0  ---  Resets Between Cmd Acceptance and Completion
0x05  =====  =               =  ===  == Temperature Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x05  0x008  1              30  ---  Current Temperature
0x05  0x010  1              29  N--  Average Short Term Temperature
0x05  0x018  1               -  N--  Average Long Term Temperature
0x05  0x020  1              33  ---  Highest Temperature
0x05  0x028  1              19  ---  Lowest Temperature
0x05  0x030  1              31  N--  Highest Average Short Term Temperature
0x05  0x038  1              24  N--  Lowest Average Short Term Temperature
0x05  0x040  1               -  N--  Highest Average Long Term Temperature
0x05  0x048  1               -  N--  Lowest Average Long Term Temperature
0x05  0x050  4               0  ---  Time in Over-Temperature
0x05  0x058  1              60  ---  Specified Maximum Operating Temperature
0x05  0x060  4               0  ---  Time in Under-Temperature
0x05  0x068  1               0  ---  Specified Minimum Operating Temperature
0x06  =====  =               =  ===  == Transport Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x06  0x008  4             125  ---  Number of Hardware Resets
0x06  0x010  4             112  ---  Number of ASR Events
0x06  0x018  4               0  ---  Number of Interface CRC Errors
                                |||_ C monitored condition met
                                ||__ D supports DSN
                                |___ N normalized value

SATA Phy Event Counters (GP Log 0x11)
ID      Size     Value  Description
0x0001  2            0  Command failed due to ICRC error
0x0002  2            0  R_ERR response for data FIS
0x0003  2            0  R_ERR response for device-to-host data FIS
0x0004  2            0  R_ERR response for host-to-device data FIS
0x0005  2            0  R_ERR response for non-data FIS
0x0006  2            0  R_ERR response for device-to-host non-data FIS
0x0007  2            0  R_ERR response for host-to-device non-data FIS
0x0009  2           20  Transition from drive PhyRdy to drive PhyNRdy
0x000a  2           19  Device-to-host register FISes sent due to a COMRESET
0x000b  2            0  CRC errors within host-to-device FIS
0x000d  2            0  Non-CRC errors within host-to-device FIS

# hdparm -tT /dev/sda

/dev/sda:
 Timing cached reads:   30620 MB in  1.99 seconds = 15374.86 MB/sec
 Timing buffered disk reads: 562 MB in  3.00 seconds = 187.20 MB/sec

$ dd if=/dev/zero of=archivo.img count=1K bs=1M conv=fdatasync

1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1,1 GB, 1,0 GiB) copied, 6,37302 s, 168 MB/s

Las pruebas de lectura con hdparm y con dd. Cuanto más velocidad indiquen, mejor, por supuesto.

palimpsest – Prueba de rendimiento de solo lectura (clic para agrandar)

Este gráfico representa la velocidad de lectura y el tiempo de acceso en distintas partes del disco, desde los sectores más externos al plato (parte izquierda) hasta los más cercanos al eje (parte derecha). La línea azul representa la velocidad de lectura (asociada a la escala izquierda), mientras que los puntos verdes representan los tiempos de acceso en distintas ubicaciones del disco (asociada a la escala derecha).

Como en todos los almacenamientos rotativos, existe una gran diferencia en la velocidad de lectura al operar con los primeros sectores respecto de los últimos: de casi 200 MB/s en los primeros sectores, a 100 MB/s en los últimos. La latencia de acceso ronda los 18 ms, variando entre 10 ms y 30 ms aprox.

$ bonnie++

(pendiente de realizar)

Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas sobre una partición ext4.

Tags:
2017-0627

Benchmark day 3: Kingston HyperX SSD 240GB (SHSS37A240G)

Add a Comment[Author: Category: Sin categoría ]

A principios del año pasado cedí en la tentación y terminé adquiriendo uno de los tan promocionados discos de estado sólido para el escritorio, aprovechando una oferta interesante de uno de los proveedores locales. Decirle “disco” a un dispositivo como éste es un anacronismo: no tiene nada de redondo, pero me permitiré mantener el término por cuestión de costumbre.

Para dar una definición en una línea, un Solid-State Drive o SSD es análogo a un “disco rígido” que almacena los datos persistentemente en memoria Flash, en vez de hacerlo sobre un dispositivo de rotación. La principal ventaja es una gran velocidad de acceso, además del hecho de no ser un dispositivo de base mecánica. No es la única diferencia contra un HDD, pero sí la más notable. Los SSD no son tecnología demasiado nueva, pero alrededor de 2008 / 2009 hubo un boom y desde allí comenzaron a verse más seguido en las casas de venta de hardware.

Entre las opciones del mercado, me quedé con un modelo Kingston Hyperx Savage SSD 240GB SATA 3 que hasta la fecha (año y medio de uso) se ha portado excelentemente bien (aquí las reviews). Y ahora que los tiempos no apremian tanto, puedo aprovechar para publicar el benchmark que hice en su momento, continuando con la serie de benchmarks de discos que venía realizando años atrás (ver parte I y parte II).

Antes de realizar los diagnósticos, debo mencionar que si van a hacer un análisis de atributos SMART en discos SSD de Kingston, conviene actualizar la base de unidades (drivedb.h) del paquete smartmontools mediante el comando update-smart-drivedb, pues Kingston ha variado la semántica de los atributos SMART para ciertas unidades SSD (como se detallan en este documento). Versiones antiguas de smartmontools utilizan los nombres genéricos para ciertos atributos y esto puede dar lugar a confusiones, tales como creer que una SSD está por fallar cuando no es así.

Siguen las especificaciones y más abajo los resultados por si a alguno le interesa. He remarcado los datos más relevantes.

Kingston HyperX Savage SSD 240GB
Modelo: KINGSTON SHSS37A240G
Capacidad: 240 GB
Interfaz: SATA III
Caché: 8 MB
Tipo: Disco de estado sólido
Tamaño de sector: 512 físico, 512 lógico

# hdparm -I /dev/sdb

ATA device, with non-removable media
        Model Number:       KINGSTON SHSS37A240G
        Serial Number:      [REDACTED]
        Firmware Revision:  SAFM00.r
        Transport:          Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6, SATA Rev 3.0
Standards:
        Supported: 9 8 7 6 5
        Likely used: 9
Configuration:
        Logical         max     current
        cylinders       16383   16383
        heads           16      16
        sectors/track   63      63

        CHS current addressable sectors:   16514064
        LBA    user addressable sectors:  268435455
        LBA48  user addressable sectors:  468862128
        Logical  Sector size:                   512 bytes
        Physical Sector size:                   512 bytes
        Logical Sector-0 offset:                  0 bytes
        device size with M = 1024*1024:      228936 MBytes
        device size with M = 1000*1000:      240057 MBytes (240 GB)
        cache/buffer size  = 10104 KBytes
        Form Factor: 2.5 inch
        Nominal Media Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Capabilities:
        LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
        Queue depth: 32
        Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
        R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16  Current = 16
        Advanced power management level: 254
        DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
             Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
        PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
             Cycle time: no flow control=120ns  IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
        Enabled Supported:
           *    SMART feature set
                Security Mode feature set
           *    Power Management feature set
           *    Write cache
           *    Look-ahead
           *    Host Protected Area feature set
           *    WRITE_BUFFER command
           *    READ_BUFFER command
           *    NOP cmd
           *    DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
           *    Advanced Power Management feature set
                SET_MAX security extension
           *    48-bit Address feature set
           *    Device Configuration Overlay feature set
           *    Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
           *    FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
           *    SMART error logging
           *    SMART self-test
           *    General Purpose Logging feature set
           *    WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
           *    Disable Data Transfer After Error Detection
           *    {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
           *    Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
           *    Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
           *    Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
           *    Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
           *    Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
           *    Host-initiated interface power management
           *    Phy event counters
           *    unknown 76[13]
           *    unknown 76[14]
           *    unknown 76[15]
           *    DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization
                Device-initiated interface power management
           *    Software settings preservation
           *    DOWNLOAD MICROCODE DMA command
           *    SET MAX SETPASSWORD/UNLOCK DMA commands
           *    WRITE BUFFER DMA command
           *    READ BUFFER DMA command
           *    DEVICE CONFIGURATION SET/IDENTIFY DMA commands
           *    Data Set Management TRIM supported (limit 8 blocks)
           *    Deterministic read ZEROs after TRIM
Security: 
        Master password revision code = 65534
                supported
        not     enabled
        not     locked
                frozen
        not     expired: security count
                supported: enhanced erase
        2min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 2min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 
Checksum: correct

 

# smartctl -x /dev/sdb

smartctl 6.4 2014-10-07 r4002 [x86_64-linux-4.6.0-0.bpo.1-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-14, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Phison Driven SSDs
Device Model:     KINGSTON SHSS37A240G
Serial Number:    [REDACTED]
Firmware Version: SAFM00.r
User Capacity:    240.057.409.536 bytes [240 GB]
Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate:    Solid State Device
Form Factor:      2.5 inches
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ACS-2 (minor revision not indicated)
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Wed Jul  6 22:13:10 2016 ART
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
See vendor-specific Attribute list for marginal Attributes.

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x00)	Offline data collection activity
					was never started.
					Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0)	The previous self-test routine completed
					without error or no self-test has ever 
					been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection: 		(   30) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: 			 (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
					Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
					Suspend Offline collection upon new
					command.
					Offline surface scan supported.
					Self-test supported.
					No Conveyance Self-test supported.
					Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003)	Saves SMART data before entering
					power-saving mode.
					Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01)	Error logging supported.
					General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time: 	 (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: 	 (   2) minutes.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x000b   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  2 Not_In_Use              0x0005   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Offline      -       0
  3 Not_In_Use              0x0007   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  5 Retired_Block_Count     0x0013   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Not_In_Use              0x000b   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  8 Not_In_Use              0x0005   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Offline      -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       2488
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       30
168 SATA_Phy_Error_Count    0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
170 Bad_Blk_Ct_Erl/Lat      0x0003   100   100   010    Pre-fail  Always       -       0/556
173 MaxAvgErase_Ct          0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       40 (Average 3)
175 Not_In_Use              0x0013   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
183 Unknown_Attribute       0x0012   100   100   100    Old_age   Always   FAILING_NOW 2621443
187 Reported_Uncorrect      0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
192 Unsafe_Shutdown_Count   0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       19
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0023   076   060   030    Pre-fail  Always       -       24 (Min/Max 19/40)
196 Not_In_Use              0x0002   100   100   010    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Not_In_Use              0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
199 CRC_Error_Count         0x000b   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
218 CRC_Error_Count         0x000b   100   100   050    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
231 SSD_Life_Left           0x0013   100   100   000    Pre-fail  Always       -       100
233 Flash_Writes_GiB        0x000b   100   100   000    Pre-fail  Always       -       570
240 Not_In_Use              0x0013   100   100   000    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
241 Lifetime_Writes_GiB     0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       538
242 Lifetime_Reads_GiB      0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       186
244 Average_Erase_Count     0x0002   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       3
245 Max_Erase_Count         0x0002   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       40
246 Total_Erase_Count       0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       239616

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%      2481         -
# 2  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%       529         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

El atributo 183, indicado como FAILING NOW no ha de ser estimado pues según el documento de Kingston no corresponde a un atributo relevante.

# hdparm -tT /dev/sdb

/dev/sdb:
 Timing cached reads:   25580 MB in  2.00 seconds = 12801.73 MB/sec
 Timing buffered disk reads: 1580 MB in  3.00 seconds = 526.61 MB/sec

$ dd if=/dev/zero of=archivo.img count=1K bs=1M conv=fdatasync

1024+0 registros leídos
1024+0 registros escritos
1073741824 bytes (1,1 GB) copiados, 2,35045 s, 457 MB/s

Las pruebas de lectura con hdparm y con dd. Cuanto más velocidad indiquen, mejor, por supuesto.

palimpsest – Prueba de rendimiento de solo lectura (clic para agrandar)

Este gráfico representa la velocidad de lectura y el tiempo de acceso en distintas partes del disco. La línea azul representa la velocidad de lectura (asociada a la escala izquierda), mientras que los puntos verdes representan los tiempos de acceso en distintas ubicaciones del disco (asociada a la escala derecha).

Como puede verse, al ser un disco SSD (no rotativo), la velocidad de lectura es casi constante en todo el espacio, y se aprecia la diferencia notable entre los discos tradicionales. Los tiempos de acceso de la SSD rondan entre 0.1 y 0.2 ms (SSD) contra 20.1 ms (HDD), velocidad media de lectura de 554 MB/s contra 118 MB/s de un disco rígido tradicional.

Aquí dejo una comparativa de velocidad entre un disco rotativo y la SSD (clic para agrandar). Presten especial atención a las unidades.

Gráficos originales: parte I, parte II y parte III.

$ bonnie++

Version  1.97       ------Sequential Output------ --Sequential Input- --Random-
Concurrency   1     -Per Chr- --Block-- -Rewrite- -Per Chr- --Block-- --Seeks--
Machine        Size K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP  /sec %CP
hc-maurom    15864M  1514  99 521685  34 259973  24 +++++ +++ 645581  28 +++++ +++
Latency             10308us     246ms     296ms    2681us    3144us    2510us
Version  1.97       ------Sequential Create------ --------Random Create--------
hc-maurom           -Create-- --Read--- -Delete-- -Create-- --Read--- -Delete--
              files  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP
                 16 +++++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++
Latency                50us     407us    1048us     667us       5us     442us

Los resultados de bonnie++ son bastante completos. Además de hacer mediciones de entrada/salida sobre el disco, mide también operaciones sobre el sistema de archivos (que por ahora no reviso). Lo relevante son las tasas de escritura y lectura en bloques, la cantidad de búsquedas por segundo (más es mejor) y la latencia de las mismas (menos es mejor). Al comparar contra otras mediciones, recuerden que las unidades en este último reporte son ms (milisegundos) y µs (microsegundos)!

Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas sobre una partición ext4.

Tags:
2014-0124

Benchmark day 2: WD Caviar Red 1TB (WDC WD10EFRX-68JCSN0)

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Esta es la segunda de la serie de pruebas a discos rígidos, esta vez contra el disco del equipo personal. Siguen las especificaciones y más abajo los resultados por si a alguno le interesa. He remarcado los datos más relevantes.

Western Digital Caviar Red 1TB
Modelo: WDC WD10EFRX-68JCSN0
Capacidad: 1 TB
Interfaz: SATA III
Caché: 64 MB
Velocidad: variable según la serie
Tamaño de sector: 4K físico, 512 lógico

 
# hdparm -I /dev/sda

ATA device, with non-removable media
	Model Number:       WDC WD10EFRX-68JCSN0                    
	Serial Number:      [REDACTED]
	Firmware Revision:  01.01A01
	Transport:          Serial, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6, SATA Rev 3.0
Standards:
	Supported: 8 7 6 5 
	Likely used: 8
Configuration:
	Logical		max	current
	cylinders	16383	16383
	heads		16	16
	sectors/track	63	63
	--
	CHS current addressable sectors:   16514064
	LBA    user addressable sectors:  268435455
	LBA48  user addressable sectors: 1953525168
	Logical  Sector size:                   512 bytes
	Physical Sector size:                  4096 bytes
	Logical Sector-0 offset:                  0 bytes
	device size with M = 1024*1024:      953869 MBytes
	device size with M = 1000*1000:     1000204 MBytes (1000 GB)
	cache/buffer size  = unknown
Capabilities:
	LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
	Queue depth: 32
	Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, with device specific minimum
	R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16	Current = 16
	DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 
	     Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
	PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 
	     Cycle time: no flow control=120ns  IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
	Enabled	Supported:
	   *	SMART feature set
	    	Security Mode feature set
	   *	Power Management feature set
	   *	Write cache
	   *	Look-ahead
	   *	Host Protected Area feature set
	   *	WRITE_BUFFER command
	   *	READ_BUFFER command
	   *	NOP cmd
	   *	DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
	    	Power-Up In Standby feature set
	   *	SET_FEATURES required to spinup after power up
	    	SET_MAX security extension
	   *	48-bit Address feature set
	   *	Device Configuration Overlay feature set
	   *	Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
	   *	FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
	   *	SMART error logging
	   *	SMART self-test
	    	Media Card Pass-Through
	   *	General Purpose Logging feature set
	   *	64-bit World wide name
	   *	URG for READ_STREAM[_DMA]_EXT
	   *	URG for WRITE_STREAM[_DMA]_EXT
	   *	IDLE_IMMEDIATE with UNLOAD
	   *	WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
	   *	{READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
	   *	Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
	   *	Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
	   *	Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
	   *	Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
	   *	Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
	   *	Host-initiated interface power management
	   *	Phy event counters
	   *	Idle-Unload when NCQ is active
	   *	NCQ priority information
	   *	unknown 76[15]
	   *	DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization
	    	Device-initiated interface power management
	   *	Software settings preservation
	   *	SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set
	   *	SCT LBA Segment Access (AC2)
	   *	SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3)
	   *	SCT Features Control (AC4)
	   *	SCT Data Tables (AC5)
	    	unknown 206[7]
	    	unknown 206[12] (vendor specific)
	    	unknown 206[13] (vendor specific)
Security: 
	Master password revision code = 65534
		supported
	not	enabled
	not	locked
		frozen
	not	expired: security count
		supported: enhanced erase
	140min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 140min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 
Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 50014ee209106fb8
	NAA		: 5
	IEEE OUI	: 0014ee
	Unique ID	: 209106fb8
Checksum: correct

 
# smartctl -x /dev/sda

smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model:     WDC WD10EFRX-68JCSN0
Serial Number:    [REDACTED]
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 209106fb8
Firmware Version: 01.01A01
User Capacity:    1.000.204.886.016 bytes [1,00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Device is:        Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is:   8
ATA Standard is:  Exact ATA specification draft version not indicated
Local Time is:    Tue Jan 21 20:01:34 2014 ART
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x00)	Offline data collection activity
                                        was never started.
                                        Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0)	The previous self-test routine completed
                                        without error or no self-test has ever 
                                        been run.
Total time to complete Offline data collection: (13320) seconds.
Offline data collection capabilities:
                                        (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                                        Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                                        Suspend Offline collection upon new command.
                                        Offline surface scan supported.
                                        Self-test supported.
                                        Conveyance Self-test supported.
                                        Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003)	Saves SMART data before entering power-saving mode.
                                        Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01)	Error logging supported.
                                        General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine recommended polling time:        (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine recommended polling time:     ( 152) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine recommended polling time:   (   5) minutes.
SCT capabilities: 	       (0x30bd)	SCT Status supported.
                                        SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
                                        SCT Feature Control supported.
                                        SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAGS    VALUE WORST THRESH FAIL RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     POSR-K   200   200   051    -    0
  3 Spin_Up_Time            POS--K   138   133   021    -    4058
  4 Start_Stop_Count        -O--CK   100   100   000    -    47
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   PO--CK   200   200   140    -    0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         -OSR-K   200   200   000    -    0
  9 Power_On_Hours          -O--CK   098   098   000    -    1920
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        -O--CK   100   253   000    -    0
 11 Calibration_Retry_Count -O--CK   100   253   000    -    0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       -O--CK   100   100   000    -    47
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count -O--CK   200   200   000    -    21
193 Load_Cycle_Count        -O--CK   200   200   000    -    25
194 Temperature_Celsius     -O---K   112   105   000    -    31
196 Reallocated_Event_Count -O--CK   200   200   000    -    0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  -O--CK   200   200   000    -    0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   ----CK   100   253   000    -    0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    -O--CK   200   200   000    -    0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   ---R--   100   253   000    -    0
                            ||||||_ K auto-keep
                            |||||__ C event count
                            ||||___ R error rate
                            |||____ S speed/performance
                            ||_____ O updated online
                            |______ P prefailure warning

SMART Extended Comprehensive Error Log Version: 1 (6 sectors)
No Errors Logged

SMART Extended Self-test Log Version: 1 (1 sectors)
No self-tests have been logged.  [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]

SCT Status Version:                  3
SCT Version (vendor specific):       258 (0x0102)
SCT Support Level:                   1
Device State:                        Active (0)
Current Temperature:                    31 Celsius
Power Cycle Min/Max Temperature:     27/37 Celsius
Lifetime    Min/Max Temperature:     19/38 Celsius
Under/Over Temperature Limit Count:   0/0
SCT Temperature History Version:     2
Temperature Sampling Period:         1 minute
Temperature Logging Interval:        1 minute
Min/Max recommended Temperature:      0/60 Celsius
Min/Max Temperature Limit:           -41/85 Celsius
Temperature History Size (Index):    478 (350)

SCT Error Recovery Control:
           Read:     70 (7,0 seconds)
          Write:     70 (7,0 seconds)

SATA Phy Event Counters (GP Log 0x11)
ID      Size     Value  Description
0x0001  2            0  Command failed due to ICRC error
0x0002  2            0  R_ERR response for data FIS
0x0003  2            0  R_ERR response for device-to-host data FIS
0x0004  2            0  R_ERR response for host-to-device data FIS
0x0005  2            0  R_ERR response for non-data FIS
0x0006  2            0  R_ERR response for device-to-host non-data FIS
0x0007  2            0  R_ERR response for host-to-device non-data FIS
0x0008  2            0  Device-to-host non-data FIS retries
0x0009  2        33157  Transition from drive PhyRdy to drive PhyNRdy
0x000a  2           45  Device-to-host register FISes sent due to a COMRESET
0x000b  2            0  CRC errors within host-to-device FIS
0x000f  2            0  R_ERR response for host-to-device data FIS, CRC
0x0012  2            0  R_ERR response for host-to-device non-data FIS, CRC
0x8000  4       523088  Vendor specific

He resaltado el contador de ciclos de carga (Load Cycle Count) puesto que es un dato a tener presente ya que otras series de discos de WD, vale decir, los Caviar Green, han tenido problemas al utilizar una política de ahorro de energía demasiado agresiva que reduce el tiempo de vida de la unidad. En este disco, por suerte, el conteo de ciclos parece bastante normal.

 
# hdparm -tT /dev/sda

/dev/sda:
 Timing cached reads:   26724 MB in  2.00 seconds = 13374.46 MB/sec
 Timing buffered disk reads: 422 MB in  3.01 seconds = 140.12 MB/sec

 
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=archivo.img count=1K bs=1M conv=fdatasync

1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 9.80654 s, 109 MB/s

Las pruebas de lectura con hdparm y con dd. Cuanto más velocidad indiquen, mejor, por supuesto.

 
palimpsest – Prueba de rendimiento de solo lectura (clic para agrandar)

wd_caviar_red_1tb_palimpsest

Este gráfico representa la velocidad de lectura y el tiempo de acceso en distintas partes del disco, desde los sectores más externos al plato (parte izquierda) hasta los más cercanos al eje (parte derecha). La línea azul representa la velocidad de lectura (asociada a la escala izquierda), mientras que los puntos verdes representan los tiempos de acceso en distintas ubicaciones del disco (asociada a la escala derecha).

Es notable la diferencia en la velocidad de lectura que existe al operar con los primeros sectores respecto de los últimos: 155 MB/s contra 70 MB/s. Como curiosidad, a su vez, se puede advertir que los sectores del centro del plato tienen un tiempo de acceso ligeramente más uniforme.

 
$ bonnie++

Version  1.96       ------Sequential Output------ --Sequential Input- --Random-
Concurrency   1     -Per Chr- --Block-- -Rewrite- -Per Chr- --Block-- --Seeks--
Machine        Size K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP  /sec %CP
hc-maurom       16G  1229  95 114703  11 52129   4  6031  88 154671   7 102.4   2
Latency              8984us    2427ms     688ms   22552us     122ms     731ms
Version  1.96       ------Sequential Create------ --------Random Create--------
hc-maurom           -Create-- --Read--- -Delete-- -Create-- --Read--- -Delete--
              files  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP
                 16 26100  22 +++++ +++ 25978  16 +++++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++
Latency             26012us     340us     771us      42us       9us      26us

Los resultados de bonnie++ son bastante completos. Además de hacer mediciones de entrada/salida sobre el disco, mide también operaciones sobre el sistema de archivos (que por ahora no reviso). Lo relevante son las tasas de escritura y lectura en bloques, la cantidad de búsquedas por segundo (más es mejor) y la latencia de las mismas (menos es mejor).

 
Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas sobre una partición ext4.

Tags:
2014-0123

Benchmark day 1: Seagate Barracuda 500GB (ST500DM002-1BD142)

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En una charla con un viejo amigo sobre discos rígidos actuales puse de ejemplo algunos a los que he tenido acceso habitualmente. A partir de eso se me ocurrió tratar de determinar qué diferencia de rendimiento hay entre los discos de mi equipo hogareño y mi estación de trabajo, por lo que recurrí a las tradicionales herramientas de prueba en Linux.

La primera prueba va contra el disco de la estación de trabajo, siguen las especificaciones y más abajo los resultados por si a alguno le interesa. He remarcado los datos más relevantes.

Seagate Barracuda 500GB
Modelo: ST500DM002-1BD142
Capacidad: 500 GB
Interfaz: SATA III
Caché: 16 MB
Velocidad: 7200 RPM
Tamaño de sector: 4K físico, 512 lógico

 
# hdparm -I /dev/sda

ATA device, with non-removable media
	Model Number:       ST500DM002-1BD142                       
	Serial Number:      [REDACTED]
	Firmware Revision:  KC45    
	Transport:          Serial, SATA Rev 3.0
Standards:
	Used: unknown (minor revision code 0x0029) 
	Supported: 8 7 6 5 
	Likely used: 8
Configuration:
	Logical		max	current
	cylinders	16383	16383
	heads		16	16
	sectors/track	63	63
	--
	CHS current addressable sectors:   16514064
	LBA    user addressable sectors:  268435455
	LBA48  user addressable sectors:  976773168
	Logical  Sector size:                   512 bytes
	Physical Sector size:                  4096 bytes
	Logical Sector-0 offset:                  0 bytes
	device size with M = 1024*1024:      476940 MBytes
	device size with M = 1000*1000:      500107 MBytes (500 GB)
	cache/buffer size  = 16384 KBytes
	Nominal Media Rotation Rate: 7200
Capabilities:
	LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
	Queue depth: 32
	Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
	R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16	Current = 16
	Recommended acoustic management value: 208, current value: 208
	DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 
	     Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
	PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 
	     Cycle time: no flow control=120ns  IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
	Enabled	Supported:
	   *	SMART feature set
	    	Security Mode feature set
	   *	Power Management feature set
	   *	Write cache
	   *	Look-ahead
	   *	Host Protected Area feature set
	   *	WRITE_BUFFER command
	   *	READ_BUFFER command
	   *	DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
	    	SET_MAX security extension
	   *	Automatic Acoustic Management feature set
	   *	48-bit Address feature set
	   *	Device Configuration Overlay feature set
	   *	Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
	   *	FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
	   *	SMART error logging
	   *	SMART self-test
	   *	General Purpose Logging feature set
	   *	WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
	   *	64-bit World wide name
	    	Write-Read-Verify feature set
	   *	WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
	   *	{READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
	   *	Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
	   *	Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
	   *	Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
	   *	Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
	   *	Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
	   *	Phy event counters
	   *	unknown 76[15]
	    	Device-initiated interface power management
	   *	Software settings preservation
	   *	SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set
	   *	SCT Long Sector Access (AC1)
	   *	SCT LBA Segment Access (AC2)
	   *	SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3)
	   *	SCT Features Control (AC4)
	   *	SCT Data Tables (AC5)
	    	unknown 206[12] (vendor specific)
	    	unknown 206[13] (vendor specific)
Security: 
	Master password revision code = 65534
		supported
	not	enabled
	not	locked
		frozen
	not	expired: security count
		supported: enhanced erase
	78min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 78min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 
Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 5000c5005022a977
	NAA		: 5
	IEEE OUI	: 000c50
	Unique ID	: 05022a977
Checksum: correct

 
# smartctl -x /dev/sda

smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model:     ST500DM002-1BD142
Serial Number:    [REDACTED]
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 05022a977
Firmware Version: KC45
User Capacity:    500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Device is:        Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is:   8
ATA Standard is:  ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is:    Wed Jan 22 08:13:16 2014 ART
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x82)    Offline data collection activity
                                           was completed without error.
                                           Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0)    The previous self-test routine completed
                                           without error or no self-test has ever
                                           been run.
Total time to complete Offline data collection:         (  600) seconds.
Offline data collection capabilities:
                                    (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                                           Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                                           Suspend Offline collection upon new command.
                                           Offline surface scan supported.
                                           Self-test supported.
                                           Conveyance Self-test supported.
                                           Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003)    Saves SMART data before entering 
                                           power-saving mode.
                                           Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01)    Error logging supported.
                                           General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine recommended polling time:           (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine recommended polling time:        (  79) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine recommended polling time:      (   2) minutes.
SCT capabilities:            (0x303f)    SCT Status supported.
                                         SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
                                         SCT Feature Control supported.
                                         SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAGS    VALUE WORST THRESH FAIL RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     POSR--   110   099   006    -    33944
  3 Spin_Up_Time            PO----   100   100   000    -    0
  4 Start_Stop_Count        -O--CK   100   100   020    -    28
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   PO--CK   100   100   036    -    0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         POSR--   073   060   030    -    22473249
  9 Power_On_Hours          -O--CK   094   094   000    -    5328
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        PO--C-   100   100   097    -    0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       -O--CK   100   100   020    -    28
183 Runtime_Bad_Block       -O--CK   100   100   000    -    0
184 End-to-End_Error        -O--CK   100   100   099    -    0
187 Reported_Uncorrect      -O--CK   100   100   000    -    0
188 Command_Timeout         -O--CK   100   100   000    -    0
189 High_Fly_Writes         -O-RCK   100   100   000    -    0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel -O---K   061   054   045    -    39 (Min/Max 26/41)
194 Temperature_Celsius     -O---K   039   046   000    -    39 (0 16 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered  -O-RC-   044   026   000    -    33944
197 Current_Pending_Sector  -O--C-   100   100   000    -    0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   ----C-   100   100   000    -    0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    -OSRCK   200   200   000    -    0
240 Head_Flying_Hours       ------   100   253   000    -    147261543683280
241 Total_LBAs_Written      ------   100   253   000    -    1601632265
242 Total_LBAs_Read         ------   100   253   000    -    3080541557
                            ||||||_ K auto-keep
                            |||||__ C event count
                            ||||___ R error rate
                            |||____ S speed/performance
                            ||_____ O updated online
                            |______ P prefailure warning

SMART Extended Comprehensive Error Log Version: 1 (5 sectors)
No Errors Logged

SMART Extended Self-test Log Version: 1 (1 sectors)
No self-tests have been logged.  [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]

SCT Status Version:                  3
SCT Version (vendor specific):       522 (0x020a)
SCT Support Level:                   1
Device State:                        Active (0)
Current Temperature:                    39 Celsius
Power Cycle Min/Max Temperature:     26/41 Celsius
Lifetime    Min/Max Temperature:     16/46 Celsius
Under/Over Temperature Limit Count:   0/0
SCT Temperature History Version:     2
Temperature Sampling Period:         1 minute
Temperature Logging Interval:        59 minutes
Min/Max recommended Temperature:     14/55 Celsius
Min/Max Temperature Limit:           10/60 Celsius
Temperature History Size (Index):    128 (77)

SCT Error Recovery Control:
           Read: Disabled
          Write: Disabled

SATA Phy Event Counters (GP Log 0x11)
ID      Size     Value  Description
0x000a  2           19  Device-to-host register FISes sent due to a COMRESET
0x0001  2            0  Command failed due to ICRC error
0x0003  2            0  R_ERR response for device-to-host data FIS
0x0004  2            0  R_ERR response for host-to-device data FIS
0x0006  2            0  R_ERR response for device-to-host non-data FIS
0x0007  2            0  R_ERR response for host-to-device non-data FIS

 
# hdparm -tT /dev/sda

/dev/sda:
 Timing cached reads:   24824 MB in  2.00 seconds = 12423.12 MB/sec
 Timing buffered disk reads: 402 MB in  3.01 seconds = 133.65 MB/sec

 
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=archivo.img count=1K bs=1M conv=fdatasync

1024+0 registros leídos
1024+0 registros escritos
1073741824 bytes (1,1 GB) copiados, 9,96082 s, 108 MB/s

 
palimpsest – Prueba de rendimiento de solo lectura (clic para agrandar)

seagate_barracuda_500g_palimpsest

 
$ bonnie++

Version  1.96       ------Sequential Output------ --Sequential Input- --Random-
Concurrency   1     -Per Chr- --Block-- -Rewrite- -Per Chr- --Block-- --Seeks--
Machine        Size K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP  /sec %CP
soda         15808M  1105  96 112638   7 45472   4  4853  74 151543   6 271.5   4
Latency             10287us     436ms    1531ms   85189us     151ms    1255ms
Version  1.96       ------Sequential Create------ --------Random Create--------
soda                -Create-- --Read--- -Delete-- -Create-- --Read--- -Delete--
              files  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP  /sec %CP
                 16 26311  22 +++++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++
Latency             57369us     312us     316us     292us      14us      77us

 
Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas sobre una partición ext4.
Mañana van los resultados del otro disco.

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2009-0205

Sobre el benchmark entre Win7 y Ubuntu

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Al respecto de la controversia sobre el reciente benchmark entre Windows 7 y Ubuntu, este comentario en Slashdot se lleva los laureles:

by MyLongNickName on Thursday February 05, @03:14PM:
My unpatched Windows system can get rooted¹ AT LEAST ten times faster than Ubuntu. Take that, Open Source!

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2008-0714

benchvm, una aproximacion al benchmarking de maquinas virtuales

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En el post anterior hacía referencia a un intento de estudio de la performance de distintos productos de virtualización.

En realidad, existen actualmente algunos datos interesantes al respecto que pueden verse en la presentación Quantitative Comparison of Xen and KVM realizada por Todd Deshane de la Clarkson University para el reciente Xen Summit 2008 (slides, abstract y video disponibles). Entre el software utilizado en la presentación están la Isolation Benchmark Suite y benchvm.

Isolation Benchmark Suite es un conjunto de herramientas destinado a “cuantificar el grado en que un sistema de virtualización limita el impacto de un comportamiento defectuoso de máquina virtual en las otras máquinas virtuales corriendo en la misma máquina física”. En otras palabras, cuánto hace el hipervisor por limitar el impacto de un mal comportamiento de una máquina virtual en el funcionamiento de las restantes. La IBS comprende seis diferentes pruebas de estrés: uso intensivo de CPU, uso intensivo de memoria, una bomba fork, uso intensivo de disco y dos pruebas de uso intensivo de red, en envío y recepción.

Benchvm, por otro lado, es una implementación modular de la solución propuesta en el borrador del paper The Woes of the Art of Virtualization Benchmarking. Es un incipiente proyecto de Zach Sheperd y otros estudiantes de la C.U. para comparar la variedad de soluciones de virtualización mediante distintas métricas sobre un diverso conjunto configuraciones de hardware y software.

En fin, son sólo algunos datos más para tener en cuenta antes de evaluar las diferentes soluciones existentes, y que reflejan lo joven que es aún la tecnología de virtualización en el ámbito de la informática.

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2009-0712

100 habilidades esenciales de un geek

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Anton Olsen compiló en Wired una lista de las 100 habilidades esenciales que debe tener un geek. Obviamente no es completa, pero es una aproximación interesante.

Esto va a terminar siendo un Meme. A ver cuantos años de tratamiento me harían falta para volver a la normalidad…

  1. Properly secure a wireless router. Check
  2. Crack the WEP key on a wireless router. Nope. Todavía no me hizo falta, todo el mundo usa wifi abierta.
  3. Leech Wifi from your neighbor. Check
  4. Screw with Wifi leeches. Check
  5. Setup and use a VPN. Check
  6. Work from home or a coffee shop as effectively as you do at the office. Check
  7. Wire your own home with Ethernet cable. Check
  8. Turn a web camera into security camera. Check
  9. Use your 3G phone as a Wi-Fi access point. Check
  10. Understand what “There’s no Place Like 127.0.0.1” means. Check
  11. Identify key-loggers. Check
  12. Properly connect a TV, Tivo, XBox, Wii, and Apple TV so they all work together with the one remote. Nope, demasiados aparatos que no tengo.
  13. Program a universal remote. Check, más el de la tarjeta de tv en linux.
  14. Swap out the battery on your iPod/iPhone. Nope, tengo iNothing.
  15. Benchmark Your Computer. Check
  16. Identify all computer components on sight. Check
  17. Know which parts to order from NewEgg.com, and how to assemble them into a working PC. Check
  18. Troubleshoot any computer/gadget problem, over the phone. Check
  19. Use any piece of technology intuitively, without instruction or prior knowledge. Check
  20. How to irrecoverably protect data. Yo diría, destruir datos en forma irrecuperable… Check
  21. Recover data from a dead hard drive. Check, incluso viendo girar en vivo los platos.
  22. Share a printer between a Mac and a PC on a network. Nope, no Mac.
  23. Install a Linux distribution. (Hint: Ubuntu 9.04 is easier than installing Windows). Check
  24. Remove a virus from a computer. Check
  25. Dual (or more) boot a computer. Check
  26. Boot a computer off a thumb drive. Check
  27. Boot a computer off a network drive. Check, y varias a la vez con PXE.
  28. Replace or repair a laptop keyboard. Nope, y espero que no en el corto plazo.
  29. Run more than two monitors on a single computer. Nope, máximo dos en el desktop.
  30. Successfully disassemble and reassemble a laptop. Nope, y espero que no haga falta.
  31. Know at least 10 software easter eggs off the top of your head. Nope, llego a contar cuatro.
  32. Bypass a computer password on all major operating systems. Windows, Mac, Linux. Nope, no he intentado en Mac.
  33. Carrying a computer cleaning arsenal on your USB drive. Check
  34. Bypass content filters on public computers. Check
  35. Protect your privacy when using a public computer. Check
  36. Surf the web anonymously from home. Check
  37. Buy a domain, configure bind, apache, MySQL, php, and WordPress without Googling a how-to. Nope, aún no me decido por el dominio.
  38. Basic *nix command shell knowledge with the ability to edit and save a file with vi. Check
  39. Create a web site using vi. Check
  40. Transcode a DVD to play on a portable device. Check
  41. Hide a file in an image using steganography. Check
  42. Knowing the answer to life, the universe and everything. Nope
  43. Share a single keyboard and mouse between multiple computers without a KVM switch. Check
  44. Google obscure facts in under 3 searches. Bonus point if you can use I Feel Lucky. Check
  45. Build amazing structures with LEGO and invent a compelling back story for the creation. Check
  46. Understand that it is LEGO, not Lego, Legos, or Lego’s. Check
  47. Build a two story house out of LEGO, in monochrome, with a balcony. Check, tuve muchos LEGO.
  48. Construct a costume for you or your kid out of scraps, duct tape, paper mâché, and imagination. Nope
  49. Be able to pick a lock. Nope
  50. Determine the combination of a Master combination padlock in under 10 minutes. Nope
  51. Assemble IKEA furniture without looking at the instructions. Bonus point if you don’t have to backtrack. Nope, al menos no de IKEA.
  52. Use a digital SLR in full manual mode. Nope, sólo la analógica en modo manual, he.
  53. Do cool things to Altoids tins. Nope
  54. Be able to construct paper craft versions of space ships. Check
  55. Origami! Bonus point for duct tape origami. (Ductigami) Check (single point)
  56. Fix anything with duct tape, chewing gum and wire. Check
  57. Knowing how to avoid being eaten by a grue. Nope. No vale el animal de Another World?
  58. Know what a grue is. Nope
  59. Understand where XYZZY came from, and have used it. Nope
  60. Play any SNES game on your computer through an emulator. Check
  61. Burn the rope. Nope
  62. Know the Konami code, and where to use it. Nope
  63. Whistle, hum, or play on an iPhone, the Cantina song. Nope
  64. Learning to play the theme songs to the kids favorite TV shows. Nope
  65. Solve a Rubik’s Cube. Check, sólo si vale despegar los colores.
  66. Calculate THAC0. Nope
  67. Know the difference between skills and traits. Check
  68. Explain special relativity in terms an eight-year-old can grasp. Check, aunque aún no hizo falta.
  69. Recite pi to 10 places or more. Nope, llego a 3.1415926.
  70. Be able to calculate tip and split the check, all in your head. Check, mas un plus por haber hecho el cálculo.
  71. Explain that the colours in a rainbow are roygbiv. Check
  72. Understand the electromagnetic spectrum – xray, uv, visible, infrared, microwave, radio. Check
  73. Know the difference between radiation and radioactive contamination. Check
  74. Understand basic electronics components like resistors, capacitors, inductors and transistors. Check
  75. Solder a circuit while bottle feeding an infant (lead free solder please). Nope, si lo intento quizás termine soldando un bebé y alimentando un circuito.
  76. The meaning of technical acronyms. Check
  77. The coffee dash, blindfolded (or blurry eyed). Coffee [cream] [sugar]. In under a minute. Check
  78. Build a fighting robot. Nope
  79. Program a fighting robot. Nope
  80. Build a failsafe into a fighting robot so it doesn’t kill you. Sh*t! it’s coming after us!!
  81. Be able to trace the Fellowship’s journey on a map of Middle Earth. Nope
  82. Know all the names of the Dwarves in The Hobbit. Nope
  83. Understand the difference between a comic book and a graphic novel. Check
  84. Know where your towel is and why it is important. Check, towelie said it to me.
  85. Re-enact the parrot sketch. Check, poor parrot.
  86. Know the words to The Lumberjack Song. Check
  87. Reciting key scenes from Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Double check
  88. Be able to recite at least one Geek Movie word for word. Nope
  89. Know what the 8th Chevron does on a Stargate and how much power is required to get a lock. Nope
  90. Be able to explain why it’s important that Han shot first. Check
  91. Know why it is just wrong for Luke and Leia to kiss. Check, ajjjj…
  92. Stop talking Star Wars long enough to get laid. Check, al menos una vez.
  93. The ability to name actors, characters and plotlines from the majority of sci-fi movies produced since 1968. Check, pero defina bien mayoría.
  94. Cite Mythbusters when debunking a myth or urban legend. Check
  95. Sleep with a Cricket bat next to your bed. Nope
  96. Have a documented plan on what to do during a zombie or robot uprising. Nope, está todo en mi cabeza.
  97. Identify evil alternate universe versions of friends, family, co-workers or self. Nope
  98. Be able to convince TSA that the electronic parts you are carrying are really not a threat to passengers. Nope
  99. Talk about things that aren’t tech related. Check, religión y política, pero solo a veces.
  100. Get something on the front page of Digg. Nope
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2008-0714

Más sobre virtualización

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Brian Madden, autor de la polémica y bastante comentada predicción sobre Citrix dejando de lado al hipervisor Xen open source, ha publicado recientemente su intención (bajo contrato y por petición de Qumranet, los creadores de KVM) de hacer un benchmark de los principales productos de virtualización para infraestructura de escritorios virtuales. La verdad que no vendría nada mal tener un estudio del estilo a la fecha, aunque quizá hubiera sido más interesante un enfoque centrado en el área de servidores.

Como introducción y para tener un buen panorama sobre de la situación actual en este ámbito, él recomienda leer el artículo Microsoft Hyper-V: the day after de Virtualization.info.

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